Basic Cloud Types:

Cumulus                    Stratus           Cirrus               Cumulonimbus

Cumulus: In Latin, this means "heap."  Cumulus clouds look like a heap of cotton balls or whipped cream.

Stratus: It's Latin for "covering" or "blanket."  Stratus clouds look like a flat blanket in the sky.

Cirrus: It's Latin for "curl."  Cirrus clouds look like curls of white hair!

You have only to look up into the sky to try your luck at weather forecasting.  Clouds give us a clue about what is going on in our atmosphere and how the weather might change in the hours or even days to come.  Each type of cloud forms in a different way, and each brings its own kind of weather. 

Cool Condensation 

Clouds are water.   As you probably know, we can find water in three forms: liquid, solid and gas.  Water as a gas is called water vapor.  Clouds form when water vapor turns back into liquid water droplets.  That is called condensation.  It happens in one of two ways: when the air cools enough, or when enough water vapor is added to the air.  You’ve seen the first process happen on a summer day as drops of water gather on the outside of a glass of ice tea.  That’s because the cold glass cools the air near it, causing the water vapor in the air to condense into liquid.  Unlike the drops on the side of your glass though, the droplets of water in a cloud are so small that it takes about one million of them to form a single raindrop.  Most clouds form this way, but the cooling comes not from ice in a glass, but as the air rises and cools high in the sky.  Each tiny cloud droplet is light enough to float in the air, just as a little cloud floats out from your breath on a cold day. 

Too Clean for Clouds? 

Our air has to be just a little bit dirty for clouds to form.  That’s because water vapor needs a surface on which to condense.  Fortunately, even the cleanest air has some microscopic particles of dust, smoke or salt for water droplets to cling to, so the air is rarely too clean for clouds to form. 

Cloud Classifications 

Meteorologists name clouds by how high in the sky they form and by their appearance.  Most clouds have two parts to their name.  Usually the first part of the name has to do with the height and the second part refers to the appearance.  

If clouds form at the highest levels, they get the prefix “cirro” as the first part of their name.  Middle clouds get the prefix “alto.” Low clouds don’t get a prefix. 

There are two cloud appearance types: cumulus and stratus, which are also the basic names of the low clouds.  Sometimes they appear higher in the atmosphere and get a combination name with a prefix.  For example, middle cumulus clouds are called “altocumulus” and high stratus clouds are “cirrostratus.”  If a cloud produces rain or snow it gets either “nimbo” at the beginning or “nimbus” at the end. 

Cumulus clouds are low individual billowy globs that are low, have flat bases and look a little like cauliflower.  They are at least as tall as they are wide and form on sunny days from pockets of rising air.  Their constantly changing outlines are fun to watch because they can take the shapes of almost anything, including animals and faces.  Cumulus clouds usually signal fair weather.  If they build into the middle or high part of the atmosphere they get the name cumulonimbus.  A cumulonimbus cloud is tall, deep and dark and can bring lightning, heavy rain and even severe weather such as hail, damaging winds or tornadoes.  It is a sign of rapidly rising and sinking air currents.    

Stratus clouds are layered and cover most of the sky.   They are much wider than they are tall.   If you see them in broken or puffy layers, they are stratocumulus clouds.  If you see them in thin high layers that turn the sky solid white, they're cirrostratus clouds.  The tiny prisms of ice in a cirrostratus layer can bend the sun's light.  As a result, often you can see a halo or veil of rainbow colors around the sun.  When stratus clouds are very thick, they become dark nimbostratus clouds, which can produce rain, drizzle or snow. 

Cirrus clouds are high and thin and made entirely of ice crystals.  Forming above 20,000 feet in the atmosphere, they often look like wisps of white hair.  Cirrus clouds, which are a sign of warm moist air rising up over cold air, are sometimes an early signal that thickening clouds could bring light rain or snow within one or two days.    

Try to learn the names of the different clouds, and the next time you look up into the sky, take notice of what kind of clouds you see.  And if you try, you might be able to guess what kind of weather they will bring.

Fog: Inside a Cloud
Have you ever wondered what a cloud looks like from the inside?  If you've ever been in thick fog, you know.  Fog is a cloud at ground level.  It can form on clear nights when there is a lot of moisture in the air.   A cloudless sky allows heat to escape up into space.  Then the air near the ground cools enough for the moisture in the air to condense into a cloud.  Sometimes winds blow warm moist air over a cold surface such as water or ice, which causes the moisture to condense into fog.  When cool air moves over a warm lake or pond, moisture from the water's surface may evaporate and condense in the cool air.  This results in what is called steam fog.   You guessed it!  It looks like steam rising from the lake.

Weather Ideas for students:

1. Draw the different cloud types and explain what kind of weather might come from them.  (You might want to glue some cotton balls to your drawings!)

3. Choose a cloud type, huddle with other students, and then act it out.  Have the other students guess the cloud type.

How Much Water is in a Cloud?
There can be as much as 150-thousand tons of water inside a cumulonimbus cloud. That’s enough to fill a pond a mile long, 300 feet wide and five feet deep.